The typical chemical composition for this grade is given in the table below, together with composition limits given for the product according to different standards. The required standard will be fully met as specified on the order.

The chemical composition is given as % by mass.

The mechanical properties of the available products in the soft annealed condition at room temperature are given in the table below. Moderate strengths can be reached at elevated temperatures (~550 °C/1022 °F). Temperatures for excessive scaling are close to 850 °C/1562 °F. This grade, along with other austenitic corrosion-resistant steels, exhibits very high ductility and high elongation to fracture. It is not susceptible to brittle fracture in the solution annealed condition.

¹⁾Elongation according to EN standard:
A₈₀ for thickness below 3 mm.
A for thickness = 3 mm.
Elongation according to ASTM standard A_2” or A₅₀.

Supra 316L/4432 has excellent corrosion resistance in solutions of many halogen-free organic and inorganic compounds over a wide temperature and concentration range. It can withstand many organic and diluted mineral acids depending on the temperature and concentration of the solution. Supra 316L/4432 may suffer from uniform corrosion in strong mineral acids and hot strong alkaline solutions. More detailed information on the corrosion properties of Supra 316L/4432 can be found in Outokumpu’s Corrosion Tables published in the Outokumpu Corrosion Handbook and on www.outokumpu.com.

Due to its low carbon content, the risk of sensitisation for intergranular corrosion after welding sheets up to 6 mm thick is strongly reduced when compared to basic austenitic CrNiMo grade 4401 with normal carbon content.

In aqueous solutions containing halogenides e.g. chlorides or bromides, pitting and crevice corrosion may occur depending on halogenide concentration, temperature, pH-value, concentration of oxidizing compounds, or crevice geometry, if applicable. Due to its increased molybdenum content, the resistance of grade 4435 against pitting and crevice corrosion is slightly increased compared to the basic austenitic CrNiMo grades 4401 and 4404. The presence of corrosion-inhibiting or accelerating compounds like transition metal ions or organic compounds may influence the corrosion behavior of Supra 316L/4432.

Supra 316L/4432 is prone to chloride-induced stress corrosion cracking at temperatures over about 50 °C depending on the applied stress and the chloride concentration in the environment. Prior cold deformation of the structure under load increases the risk of stress corrosion cracking.

Supra 316L/4432 can be used for indoor and outdoor applications in rural, urban, and moderately corrosive industrial environments. When chloride contamination may be high, for instance in coastal areas, pitting and staining is possible. The best material performance is usually reached with the help of adequate design, correct post-weld treatment, and regular cleaning during use (if applicable).

For more information on corrosion resistance, please refer to the Outokumpu Corrosion Handbook or contact the Outokumpu corrosion experts.

PRE Pitting Resistant Equivalent calculated using the formula: PRE = %Cr + 3.3 x %Mo + 16 x %N
CPT Corrosion Pitting Temperature as measured in the Avesta Cell (ASTM G 150), in a 1M NaCl solution (35,000 ppm or mg/l chloride ions).
CCT Critical Crevice Corrosion Temperature is the critical crevice corrosion temperature which is obtained by laboratory tests according to ASTM G 48 Method F

Physical properties according to EN 10088 are shown below.

*) Austenitic stainless steel grades may be magnetizable to a certain degree after cold deformation, e.g. in temper rolled condition.

Cold forming

Supra 316L/4432 can be readily formed and fabricated using a full range of cold forming operations. It can be used in heading, drawing, and bending. Any cold forming operations will increase the strength and hardness of the material.

Hardening

Supra 316L/4432 cannot be hardened by heat treatment. However, it can be hardened by cold forming.

Hot forming

Hot forming can be carried out in the 850 °C–1150 °C range. For maximum corrosion resistance, forgings should be annealed at 1070 °C and rapidly cooled in air or water after hot forming operations.

Annealing

Quench annealing should be performed at 1030 °C–1110 °C and followed by rapid cooling in water or air. In applications where high residual stresses cannot be accepted, stress relief treatment may be necessary. This can be performed by annealing as outlined above, but may also be performed at lower temperatures.

Please contact us for further information.

Machining

Supra 316L/4432 is more difficult to machine than ordinary carbon steels but is still comparatively easier than more highly alloyed stainless grades. Unless modified for improved machinability, it requires higher cutting forces than carbon steels, shows resistance to chip breaking, and a high tendency to built-up edge formation. The best machining results are obtained by using high-power equipment, sharp tooling, and a rigid set-up. Better machinability performance is achieved using Prodec versions, which have been modified for improved machinability. Prodec is available as hot rolled plate and bar in 4401, 4404, 4436 and 4432.

Welding

Supra 316L/4432 has excellent weldability and is suitable for the full range of conventional welding methods (like MMA, MIG, MAG, TIG, SAW, LBW, or RSW), except gas welding.

Supra 316L/4432 has about 50% higher thermal expansion and lower heat conductivity compared to carbon steels. This means that larger deformation and higher shrinkage stresses may result from welding.

In thin sections, autogenous welding may be used. To ensure that the weld metal properties (e.g. strength, corrosion resistance) are equivalent to those of the parent metal, matching or slightly over-alloyed fillers should preferably be used. The recommended filler metal is 19 12 3L.

Post-weld heat treatment is generally not required. In special cases with high risks of stress corrosion cracking or fatigue, stress relief treatment may be considered. In order to fully restore the corrosion resistance of the weld seam, the weld discoloration should be removed by pickling and passivation.

More detailed information concerning welding procedures can be obtained from the Outokumpu Welding Handbook, available from our sales offices.

The most commonly used international product standards are given in the table below.